Citation Examples

Here are some rules:
  • Every piece of information that you found "somewhere else" besides the textbook or your own knowledge MUST be credited to the other author(s).
  • Each  "credit" is called a citation.
  • Each "credit opportunity" requres a NUMBER at the end of the sentence (or paragraph). (See the examples page for what this looks like.)
  • The number is repeated at the bottom of the page ("Footnote") or at the end of the document ("Endnote.")
  • Following that number is the BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION for that piece of information ---- in a slightly different format and with PAGE NUMBERS added (if a book, magazine, journal, or other printed material) 


Lucky for us, there are some shortcuts once you have written out the entire bibliographic information the first time:
  • If the SAME source is cited again later in your narrative, then you do NOT have to write the whole thing out again.
  •                   If there is an author, just use the author's last name, page number.
  •                   If there is no author, use the TITLE (same as bibliography's title) - and the title can be abbreviated somewhat to a few key words.


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Here is an even SHORTER shortcut - but it is used ONLY if the information in the next paragraph (or sentence) came from the EXACT SAME source as the previous citation:
  • Ibid.
    • That's:      I b i d period.  "Ibid." is an abbreviation for "Ibidem," Latin for "in the same place.